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Heresy has been a concern in Christian communities at least since the writing of 2 Peter: "''even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them''"(2P. 2:1-AV). While in the first two or three centuries of the early Church heresy and schism were not clearly distinguished and a similar overlapping occurred in medieval scholastic thought, heresy is understood today to mean the denial of revealed truth as taught by the Church.〔Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1974). "Heresy". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.〕 Schleiermacher, writing in 1821/2 defined it as "that which preserved the ''appearance'' of Christianity, and yet contradicted its ''essence''".〔MacGrath, Alister E. ''Christian Theology'' Blackwell: 2001, p.153〕 The Catholic Church makes a distinction between 'material' and 'formal' heresy. Material heresy means in effect "holding erroneous doctrines through no fault of one´s own" as occurs with people brought up in non-Catholic communities and "is neither a crime nor a sin" since the individual has never accepted the doctrine.〔 Formal heresy is "the wilful and persistent adherence to an error in matters of faith" on the part of a baptised member of the Catholic Church. As such it is a grave sin and involves ''ipso facto'' excommunication. Here "matters of faith" means dogmas which have been proposed by the infallible Magisterium of the Church〔Ott, Ludwig. ''Manual de Teología Dogmática'' Herder, Barcelona:1968, p.31〕 and, in addition to this intellectual error, "pertinacity in the will" in maintaining it in opposition to the teaching of the Church must be present.〔Prümmer, Dominic M. ''Handbook of Moral Theology'' Mercier Press: 1963, Sect. 201〕 While individual Protestant churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups deemed to be heretical by those churches, the lack of a central doctrinal authority has meant that beliefs can often not be unanimously considered heretical from the Protestant perspective. Likewise the Eastern Orthodox Church officially declares a heresy only at an ecumenical council, and currently only accepts the First seven Ecumenical Councils as ecumenical. The following listing contains those opinions which were either explicitly condemned by Chalcedonian Christianity before 1054 or are of later origin but similar. Details of some modern opinions deemed to be heretical by the Catholic Church are listed in an appendix. All lists are in alphabetical order. ==Early Christianity== Traditionally, orthodoxy and heresy have been viewed in relation to the "orthodoxy" as an authentic lineage of tradition. Other forms of Christianity were viewed as deviant streams of thought and therefore "heterodox", or heretical. This view was dominant until the publication of Walter Bauer's ''Rechtgläubigkeit und Ketzerei im ältesten Christentum'' ("Orthodoxy and heresy in ancient Christianity") in 1934. Bauer endeavored to rethink early Christianity historically, independent from the views of the church. He argued that originally unity was based on a common relationship with the same Lord rather than on formally defined doctrines and that a wide variety of views was tolerated. With time, some of these views were seen as inadequate. He went on to attribute the definition of "orthodoxy" to the increasing power and influence of the Church of Rome. In 1959, Henry Chadwick argued that all Christian communities were linked by the foundational events which occurred in Jerusalem and continued to be of defining importance in the forging of doctrinal orthodoxy.〔MacGrath, Alister E. ''Christian Theology'' Blackwell:2001, p.152〕 Alister MacGrath comments that historically Chadwick's account appears to be much the more plausible.〔 For convenience the heresies which arose in this period have been divided into three groups: Trinitarian/Christological; Gnostic; and other heresies. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of Christian heresies」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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